Religion/Spirituality and Health: Positive Affirmations and Disquieting Questions 
David Williams, PhD, MPH, MDiv
Florence & Laura Norman Professor of Public Health
Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
Professor of African and African American Studies and of Sociology
​Harvard University

A large body of scientific evidence reveals that religious involvement, most often measured by the frequency of attending religious services is associated with better mental and physical health, and longer life expectancy. Research also indicates that there are multiple pathways by which religion can lead to better health. These include, for example, by enhancing social ties, reducing the negative effects of stress on health, and promoting healthier behaviors. At the same time, research also reveals, that under some conditions, religious participation and belief systems can have negative effects on health and on society. There is a need for greater attention to maximizing the positive effects of religious engagement and minimizing the potential negative effects.